Watson and Rayners Unconditional Stimulus Experiment on...

Watson and Rayner set out to substantiate his theory by recruiting a subject, who basically stayed in a hospital attached John Hopkins University, and the conducting an experiment on the chosen infant. Their aim was to classically condition the infant to fear a white laboratory rat. The infant, Albert B. or â€Å"Little Albert†, was a physically healthy and emotionally stable 9-month old boy (Watson Rayner, 1920, p. 1). He was described as a very relaxed baby who hardly ever cried. In the emotional tests, before conditioning, Albert was exposed to a series of objects, which included fire, cotton wool, a monkey, a dog, a white rabbit, a mask with hair, and a white laboratory rat. He had not shown a scared or nervous response toward these neutral stimuli, and particularly adored the white laboratory rat. (chaopret 7, p. 239). Firstly, the researchers attempted to identify an unconditioned stimulus. They carried this out by making a loud noise, hitting a hammer against a steel bar, and observing whether the infant responds in fear (learning+c, p.74). In this case, Albert started to cry, which suggested that he was afraid. This gave them the method of testing several important aspects of the experiment. The actual practise of conditioning only started when Albert was 11 months old. The first step Watson and Raymer took towards conditioning Little Albert, was paring the loud noise, unconditioned stimulus, with the white rat, conditioned stimulus. The responses were fear of theShow MoreRelatedInvestigating Crime and Relevant Issues Essay7311 Words   |  30 Pagescontribution to establishing the study of criminal behaviour and was responsible for moving the study of criminology towards scientific research, indicating that biological influences could affect criminality. However Lombroso’s experiments cannot be considered to be valid because he never compared his criminal sample to a non-criminal control group or took account of racial and ethical differences. He recorded inaccurate measurements, which were not based on proper

Crime Is Something That Everyone Tries To Stay Away From,

Crime is something that everyone tries to stay away from, but ever wonder how people get involved even though everyone runs away from it? Committing a crime means to go against the constitution and portray an act that is punishable by law. Crime is considered shameful, idiotic and wrong, but individuals still choose to do it. What is worse than an individual committing a crime? When there is a group of people breaking the law, also known as gangs. Many people can commit crimes individually, but crimes involving more people can be more severe. Criminology teaches the scientific method of crime; for example why gang crime happens. This paper will be discussing Social Strain Theory and Differential Association Theory and how they can cause†¦show more content†¦S. 2003), that lead to strain in the society. Modes that can result in criminal or deviant behavior are innovation and retreatism. Innovation is when an individual accepts cultural goals but does not accept institutional means. These type of people are most likely to become criminals. Retreatism is when an individual denies both cultural goals and institutionalized means; excluded themselves from society and reject its norms and values. These individuals are likely to become deviant. All in all, the social strain theory is a result of social strain in a society. Differential association theory was introduced by Edwin H. Sutherland and is defined as behavior [that] is learned in a social environment (William McShane, 2014, p. 64). Edwin denied the theory that stated crimes were caused by criminal type or mental disorders, but instead theorized criminal behavior is learned in association with those who have criminal attitudes and values, as compared to association with those who have non criminal attitudes and values (C.R., J. 1965). Criminal behavior is learned through interacting with the people that are closest to an individual, such as family, friends, guardians, etc,. 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One obvious argument is that teenager behavior has changed now compared to the way it was several years. Has their behavior gotten better or worse? Teenagers behavior has without a doubt gotten worse over the years. Teenagers nowadays are likely to be more exposed to the bad things that happen in this world. GenerallyRead MoreDo Curfews Effect Teens?951 Words   |  4 PagesLiz Wilfong ENG 101-036 April 28, 2015 Do Curfews Effect Teens? A lot of teenagers argue that obeying curfews really affects them because they get in troubles. Curfews do not guarantee that teenagers will fully stay out of trouble. Teen curfews do not reduce or take away from juvenile crime (â€Å"Teen Curfews Should Not Be Supported â€Å"). Some teens feel that when a parent sets a curfew, they don’t fully trust their kids all the way. 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Many people may believe that this is really how the mob operates. Others watchRead MoreLiterary Analysis779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe beginning of the story, he is being released from prison for his crimes of robbing banks and cracking into safes. After being released, he realizes that he wants to live a life of no crime. He becomes a dynamic character because he begins to dramatically change after meeting the love of his life, Annabel Adams. He wanted to begin a new life. In â€Å"A Retrieved Reformation†, a selfish and unethical criminal named Jimmy Valentine is known from breaking into safes and robbing banks. In the first

Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini - 788 Words

Did you ever want to be cool but didn’t know how to become cool? Well neither did Jeremy Heere, (the protagonist) a high school student, until he found out about the â€Å"squip†, which is a quantum computer in pill form that can communicate with your brain once swallowed. Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini is a book about Jeremy’s life all the way from PRE-SQUIP all the way to POST-SQUIP. It contains loads of excitement, and unusual events. It’s unpredictable; you never know what is going to happen next. The plot of the book begins with Jeremy Heere sitting in math class. In the same class are three of the most popular teenagers Christine Caniglia, (major character) which Jeremy has a crush on, Anne (minor character), and Jenna Rolan (minor†¦show more content†¦She then tells him that Jason Finderman (minor character) is having a party, and asks Jeremy if he wants to go and do ecstasy with her. He agrees to, and asks Michael to go with him. Jeremy drives to the party in his mom’s car with Michael and goes in the basement with Chloe. While in the basement with Chloe, Brock, (minor character) Chloe’s ex-boyfriend, breaks the window and threatens to kill Jeremy. Jeremy then runs off and hides from Brock. Jeremy then walks over to Christine, who seems to be sitting alone, and sits and talks with her. After the party Jeremy had to drop off home Christine, Chloe, Brock, Michael, and Nicole, (minor character) some girl Michael hooked up with at the party. The next d ay Jeremy finds out that there was a fire at Jake’s party last night, and that Rich and Jake were burned. That same day Jeremy’s mom and dad confront him and ask what happened at the party last night and why his mom’s car was parked differently. This then made him tell the truth about him having a â€Å"squip† and what it is. The next day is the play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, both Jeremy and Christine are in the play. The â€Å"squip† gives Jeremy advice to have Christine like him which turns around the whole story and ends up backfiring, in the middle of the play which makes Christine extremely angry with him, making him look like an idiot in front of everyone. After the scene Jeremy is forced to leave the play by the drama teacher. A couple minutes after thatShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesartist and shows a growth of the self.[16] Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as Bildungsroman although being predominantly factual (an example being The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto Che Guevara).[17] The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres. Examples[edit] Precursors[edit] Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, by Ibn Tufail (12th century)[18] Parzival, by Wolfram von Eschenbach (early 13th century) Sir Gawain and the Green

Role of Childhood Educators Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Childhood Educators. Answer: Introduction Te Whariki is a teaching principle that is adopted for teaching young children. This education system does not encourage education in a formal setting. This principle was published in the year 1996 and later revised and adopted by the education system of New Zealand to educate and take care of young children. (Lee, 2013)(Ritchie, 2013) In this form of education children learn in an informal setting through play and a homely environment is set up where the child is able to freely express himself as he does at home. The children develop a sense of belonging and feel secure as they do at the comfort of their home. The main principleof Te Wharaki are Whakamana Children are empowered through learning and growth by this the educational curriculum. Each and everyone has a certain time in life when they are infants and are totally ignorant of the world and it is at this time of their age that is when they are infants, that they are encouraged or are empowered to acquire knowledge. It is the time when each and very children is given a lot of enthusiasm and encouragement to learn from their surroundings and it is also the most active stage in ones life when the learning habit is at its prime. Kotahitanga-This educational curriculum focuses on development of children in early childhood by adopting a holistic approach (Lee, 2013)(Ritchie, 2013). It is the second stage when the infants are in their growth phase are expected to learn from each and every activity taking place around them, be it from their families their friends or from their society that is they learn from any and every movement, activities or social changes that take place around them. Wh?nau Tangata The educational curriculum creates a homely environment where children feel that they are among their family and members of community. It is perhaps one of the most crucial part because the children are very vulnerable at this age are perhaps the most closest to their families and community and they have a kind of trust vested in them as a result of which, they learn from whatever they witness in their surroundings. Ng? Hononga It is the phase of critical learning where children are taught to build relationships which are reciprocal in nature. They learn from any and every responses or reciprocal vibrations and communications taking place in their surroundings with which they share some kind of relationship. The strands of Te Whariki are Well-being Mana Atua The educational curriculum ensures that children are in fine physical health and their well being is of paramount importance in this curriculum.It is ensured that children learn in a safety environment where there physical heath and emotional well being is taken care of. (Ritchie, 2013) Belonging Mana Whenua A sense of belonging is developed in between children and their families Children feel comfortable through this educational procedure as they are protected and nurtured. It is assured that children feel safe and they feel very comfortable to freely express themselves through play and various other activities (May, 2012) 3: Contribution Mana Tangata Children are given equal opportunities irrespective of their age, gender, ethnicity, background, race. Children get a chance to deliver equally and no discrimination is done in this educational system where each child is encouraged to learn in perfect harmony 4: Communication Mana Reo This educational system boosts the verbal and non-verbal communication among children. Children are encouraged to learn freely and express themselves. Open communication is encouraged and children learn through stories and symbols of their own culture and also they are encouraged to imbibe the values of different cultures. This educational system fosters learning and growth in a multi-cultural environment (May, 2012). 5: Exploration Mana Aot?roa Children are encouraged to learn by undertaking spontaneous activities. Learning while playing is encouraged which helps in cognitive as well as in emotional development of children. Children are taught by this educational curriculum to think and they develop a sense of reasoning. Children learn to explore their environment by this supportive educational curriculum.(May, 2012). Characteristics of Infants, Toddlers and Young Children Infants: Infants are regarded as very vulnerable as they are dependent on their adults in order to meet their needs. The infants need guidance from the educators and also the caretakers who are really responsible to provide help to the infants. The educators if they ask questions such as How are you? even if the infants do not able to understand the language but while communicating with them would lead the infants to understand their speech and also the learning of words. (Harms, 2017) (Lee, 2013). Toddlers: Toddlers are considered to be quite energetic. Toddlers tend to search the interactions based on civil and they also learn through imitating others. Educators over here are responsible to portray their manner which would be needful in the near future. Toddlers are always looking ways to get encouraged so that in future they can become explorers and creators. For example through the mode of game or practical lessons, toddlers can develop the self- process learning or regulation (Harms, 2017) (Lee, 2013) Young Children: Young children generally utilize their imagination to discover their identities. The art is regarded as a creative term and Young Children generally refine their skills. Young children has the capability to recognize a wider range of pattern and also the regularities in the environment around them. This gives them a boost to questions back when they see the things are in a puzzling situation. The educators can develop the learning procedures Do you know how to do that? and this promotes positive communication with the young children (Harms, 2017). Vulnerable Children Act (VCA) It was made to strengthen the safety for the children by making sure that the centers for Early Childhood adopt the policy of the child protection. To give protection to the vulnerable children is everyones responsibility irrespective of the fact whether the children belongs from other ethnic backgrounds. It ensures a safe place for the children and recognizes their protection accordingly. (Grant, 2014 )(Wang, 2016) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCROC) The UNCROC was creates in the year 1989 and got its approval from New Zealand in the year 1993. It assures basic rights to the children and giving opportunity to the children from all over the world. It gives an opportunity to feel the sense of belonging that they set foot in the early childhood centre. (Wang, 2016) ECE Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics contains four principles such as Autonomy, justice, Truth and Responsible Care. Without these principles, there is no presence of this Code of Ethics. This document made to ensure protection for the children who are the part of the Early Childhood Centre can get acknowledgement and abide by the rules and regulations of the Code of Ethics. It is not only for Children but also for Teachers, parents (Umpstead, 2013) ECE regulations: This regulation was created in the year 2008 to set the expectations and standards for the development in the curriculum. The regulation encompasses the qualifications of the teacher, sizes of the centre and adult to child ratios and administrative requirements. All ECC must meet the regulations requirements and decided to support the ethics which are required to the educators (Bruce, 2012). Code of Conduct: It is a concept which is supported four values bearing different aspects which describe how the surroundings of the children would be. Educators need to create a compassionate surrounding where all the children are encouraged to apply their full potential by showing integrity and give meaning to the learning of the child (Bruce, 2012) Conclusion: Therefore, it could be concluded that the area of knowledge of the wellbeing and safety protection of the children. The prime responsibility of the educator is to provide education to all children and make sure that they are aware about the policies which are beneficial for the caregivers or the educators. References Bruce, T. (2012). Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Hachette UK . Grant, A. (2014 ). Vulnerable children act 2014. Auckland UL Rev., 22, 401. Harms, T. C. (2017). Infant/toddler environment rating scale. Teachers College Press. Teachers College Press. Lee, W. C.. Lee, W., Carr, M., Soutar, B.( 2013). Understanding the Te Whariki approach: Early years education in practice. Routledge. Routledge. May, H. (2012). Ma An early childhood curriculum for inclusion in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Diversitt und Kindheit. Diversitat und Kindheit . Ritchie. (2013) education grounded in a commitment to Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Weaving Te Wh?riki, 141-156. Weaving Te Wh?riki. Umpstead, R. B. (2013). Educator ethics: A comparison of teacher professional responsibility laws in four states. JL Educ., 42, 183. JL Educ., 42, 183. . Wang, W. (2016). Children's Views in the Family Court: Giving Form to Article 12 of UNCROC: how Does New Zealand Measure Up Against Australia and England? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland). (Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland).