Strengths and weaknesses in sampling

Batman Essay Topics

Batman Essay TopicsBatman essay topics are just like any other essay topic. They should have a coherent theme and it should be clear and concise.The main difference between Batman essay topics and other writing projects is that Batman makes people think about the superheroes of today. Batman and other superheroes are inspiring because they strive to do something that is ultimately good in their world.There is no better inspiration than a popular character to express the right ideals, values and goals. Batman does this with his alter ego, Bruce Wayne, and his relationship with Batman himself. With the right Batman essay topics, you can express what you want to your audience, especially students.Batman essay topics usually start by defining Batman and introducing the character in its lightest possible manner. Then we create an outline of Bruce's personality through his behavior and quotes. In addition, you should point out the hero's strengths and weaknesses and how he balances these w ith what he does on the field. When you write this sort of essay, make sure that you write all the important information clearly so that the reader knows what is important and what is not.After establishing the basic biography of the character, we then introduce the various interesting characters that Batman interacts with. We should then compare Batman with the villain.A key point of Batman essay topics is that all of the characters are not the same. Some may be friends, while others are enemies. Through different quotes from Batman books, movies, and the like, we can draw parallels between Batman and the villain.Once we have discussed the relationship between the characters, we can go through and highlight the major decision points where we see the hero's good traits and the villain's bad traits. After writing this sort of essay, be sure to discuss the hero's decision making process so that you can put everything in context.We can then conclude by making an evaluation of the situa tion and the story, and whether the plot is fitting for the characters and for readers. Batman essay topics allow you to express the strength of characters and events, and their importance to the story.

Watson and Rayners Unconditional Stimulus Experiment on...

Watson and Rayner set out to substantiate his theory by recruiting a subject, who basically stayed in a hospital attached John Hopkins University, and the conducting an experiment on the chosen infant. Their aim was to classically condition the infant to fear a white laboratory rat. The infant, Albert B. or â€Å"Little Albert†, was a physically healthy and emotionally stable 9-month old boy (Watson Rayner, 1920, p. 1). He was described as a very relaxed baby who hardly ever cried. In the emotional tests, before conditioning, Albert was exposed to a series of objects, which included fire, cotton wool, a monkey, a dog, a white rabbit, a mask with hair, and a white laboratory rat. He had not shown a scared or nervous response toward these neutral stimuli, and particularly adored the white laboratory rat. (chaopret 7, p. 239). Firstly, the researchers attempted to identify an unconditioned stimulus. They carried this out by making a loud noise, hitting a hammer against a steel bar, and observing whether the infant responds in fear (learning+c, p.74). In this case, Albert started to cry, which suggested that he was afraid. This gave them the method of testing several important aspects of the experiment. The actual practise of conditioning only started when Albert was 11 months old. The first step Watson and Raymer took towards conditioning Little Albert, was paring the loud noise, unconditioned stimulus, with the white rat, conditioned stimulus. The responses were fear of theShow MoreRelatedInvestigating Crime and Relevant Issues Essay7311 Words   |  30 Pagescontribution to establishing the study of criminal behaviour and was responsible for moving the study of criminology towards scientific research, indicating that biological influences could affect criminality. However Lombroso’s experiments cannot be considered to be valid because he never compared his criminal sample to a non-criminal control group or took account of racial and ethical differences. He recorded inaccurate measurements, which were not based on proper

Crime Is Something That Everyone Tries To Stay Away From,

Crime is something that everyone tries to stay away from, but ever wonder how people get involved even though everyone runs away from it? Committing a crime means to go against the constitution and portray an act that is punishable by law. Crime is considered shameful, idiotic and wrong, but individuals still choose to do it. What is worse than an individual committing a crime? When there is a group of people breaking the law, also known as gangs. Many people can commit crimes individually, but crimes involving more people can be more severe. Criminology teaches the scientific method of crime; for example why gang crime happens. This paper will be discussing Social Strain Theory and Differential Association Theory and how they can cause†¦show more content†¦S. 2003), that lead to strain in the society. Modes that can result in criminal or deviant behavior are innovation and retreatism. Innovation is when an individual accepts cultural goals but does not accept institutional means. These type of people are most likely to become criminals. Retreatism is when an individual denies both cultural goals and institutionalized means; excluded themselves from society and reject its norms and values. These individuals are likely to become deviant. All in all, the social strain theory is a result of social strain in a society. Differential association theory was introduced by Edwin H. Sutherland and is defined as behavior [that] is learned in a social environment (William McShane, 2014, p. 64). Edwin denied the theory that stated crimes were caused by criminal type or mental disorders, but instead theorized criminal behavior is learned in association with those who have criminal attitudes and values, as compared to association with those who have non criminal attitudes and values (C.R., J. 1965). Criminal behavior is learned through interacting with the people that are closest to an individual, such as family, friends, guardians, etc,. Learning of criminal behavior includes learning techniques and obtaining information, such as what a person will gain from committing crime and why they should do it even if the reasons are not appropriate. The key aspect ofShow MoreRelatedNon Violent Vs. Violent Criminal988 Words   |  4 Pagesisolate and punish everyone that committed crime in their lives, whether it is in the past or present. However, lately there have been some arguments on whether everybody that committed crime should be put in jail or they should be allowed to stay outside of the prison, but with very strict supervisions. Nowadays, there have been some cases in which criminals are given the freedom to stay in their usual surroundings. The reason is people agree that criminals may have done something bad, but not allRead MoreThe Criminal Justice And How They Have Evolved After Taking This Class1175 Words   |  5 Pagesmy original definition of justice was â€Å"everyone in society should be treated equally, fairly and with respect no matter what.† After going through this course and seeing different perspectives I feel that my definition has stayed the same. It covers a broad idea of how people should be treated but is specific enough for everyone to know what it could reference. I don’t believe an eye for an eye type of punishment is fair even though someon e committed a crime like homicide it doesn’t give anyone theRead MoreIs Teenage Behavior Better or WOrse than It was Years Ago? Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesIs teenage behavior better or worse than it was years ago? Almost everyone in the general public has studied the change in teenager behavior today compared to their childhood years. One obvious argument is that teenager behavior has changed now compared to the way it was several years. Has their behavior gotten better or worse? Teenagers behavior has without a doubt gotten worse over the years. Teenagers nowadays are likely to be more exposed to the bad things that happen in this world. GenerallyRead MoreDo Curfews Effect Teens?951 Words   |  4 PagesLiz Wilfong ENG 101-036 April 28, 2015 Do Curfews Effect Teens? A lot of teenagers argue that obeying curfews really affects them because they get in troubles. Curfews do not guarantee that teenagers will fully stay out of trouble. Teen curfews do not reduce or take away from juvenile crime (â€Å"Teen Curfews Should Not Be Supported â€Å"). Some teens feel that when a parent sets a curfew, they don’t fully trust their kids all the way. Whether teenagers have a curfew or not, they can get in just as much troubleRead More Megans Law: Protecting American Families Everywhere Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesMegan Kanka was raped and murdered by a convicted pedophile, Jesse Timmendequas. The shocking crime rocked not only the small town, but the entire country. A desperate mother told reporters â€Å"Please, please help us find our daughter, she’s a wonderful girl ... she’s only seven. Let her come back.† (www.crimelibrary.com) No mother should ever have to beg for her daughter’s life. People thought that everyone had a right to know if a child molester was living in their midst. Dick Zimmer, then a stateRead MoreJuveniles Being Tried as Adults1328 Words   |  6 Pagesvery heinous crime, many believe that that youth deserves to be tried as an adult, and given a full sentence. Some even believe that these juveniles deserve to go to adult prison. When a child kills, does he instantly become an adult? Or does he maintain some trappings of childhood, despite the gravity of his actions? (Reaves Para 1). What draws the line between a juvenile and adult crime? Sentencing shouldnt change between a juvenile and an adult. Our criminal justice system should stay true to itsRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Justice System1544 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history we have seen many theories being implemented in the criminal justice system. People come in and try to set in something new that they think will improve the overall performance of the criminal justice system. To fully understand how theori es work, it is critical to first be fully aware of what theories actually are. A theory is a set of interrelated variables formed into hypothesis, that specify a relationship among variables. Criminal justice is the main umbrella that all theRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Granted1027 Words   |  5 Pagescrossing the border is not easy. Many families will keep sending money back to their parents in order to help them. When you turn the TV on immigration is not something that is always on the news. But it is a big issue in the US. When you do see news about immigration it is mainly about deportation. When people are deported, they are taken away from their families and sent back to their native country. Sometimes the mother will have to leave her kids here and not see them for years. Other times it’s theRead MoreThe Sopranos Essay515 Words   |  3 PagesThere is a show on cable called the Sopranos. This show is a depiction of the New Jersey mafia and how it handles i ts day to day operations. The shows creators and writers have put together a wonderful exaggeration of how the New Jersey organized crime families live. I am a big fan of the show and enjoy watching how the characters portray real-life mobsters. The affects that this show has on people vary in many ways. Many people may believe that this is really how the mob operates. Others watchRead MoreLiterary Analysis779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe beginning of the story, he is being released from prison for his crimes of robbing banks and cracking into safes. After being released, he realizes that he wants to live a life of no crime. He becomes a dynamic character because he begins to dramatically change after meeting the love of his life, Annabel Adams. He wanted to begin a new life. In â€Å"A Retrieved Reformation†, a selfish and unethical criminal named Jimmy Valentine is known from breaking into safes and robbing banks. In the first

Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini - 788 Words

Did you ever want to be cool but didn’t know how to become cool? Well neither did Jeremy Heere, (the protagonist) a high school student, until he found out about the â€Å"squip†, which is a quantum computer in pill form that can communicate with your brain once swallowed. Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini is a book about Jeremy’s life all the way from PRE-SQUIP all the way to POST-SQUIP. It contains loads of excitement, and unusual events. It’s unpredictable; you never know what is going to happen next. The plot of the book begins with Jeremy Heere sitting in math class. In the same class are three of the most popular teenagers Christine Caniglia, (major character) which Jeremy has a crush on, Anne (minor character), and Jenna Rolan (minor†¦show more content†¦She then tells him that Jason Finderman (minor character) is having a party, and asks Jeremy if he wants to go and do ecstasy with her. He agrees to, and asks Michael to go with him. Jeremy drives to the party in his mom’s car with Michael and goes in the basement with Chloe. While in the basement with Chloe, Brock, (minor character) Chloe’s ex-boyfriend, breaks the window and threatens to kill Jeremy. Jeremy then runs off and hides from Brock. Jeremy then walks over to Christine, who seems to be sitting alone, and sits and talks with her. After the party Jeremy had to drop off home Christine, Chloe, Brock, Michael, and Nicole, (minor character) some girl Michael hooked up with at the party. The next d ay Jeremy finds out that there was a fire at Jake’s party last night, and that Rich and Jake were burned. That same day Jeremy’s mom and dad confront him and ask what happened at the party last night and why his mom’s car was parked differently. This then made him tell the truth about him having a â€Å"squip† and what it is. The next day is the play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, both Jeremy and Christine are in the play. The â€Å"squip† gives Jeremy advice to have Christine like him which turns around the whole story and ends up backfiring, in the middle of the play which makes Christine extremely angry with him, making him look like an idiot in front of everyone. After the scene Jeremy is forced to leave the play by the drama teacher. A couple minutes after thatShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesartist and shows a growth of the self.[16] Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as Bildungsroman although being predominantly factual (an example being The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto Che Guevara).[17] The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres. Examples[edit] Precursors[edit] Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, by Ibn Tufail (12th century)[18] Parzival, by Wolfram von Eschenbach (early 13th century) Sir Gawain and the Green

Role of Childhood Educators Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Childhood Educators. Answer: Introduction Te Whariki is a teaching principle that is adopted for teaching young children. This education system does not encourage education in a formal setting. This principle was published in the year 1996 and later revised and adopted by the education system of New Zealand to educate and take care of young children. (Lee, 2013)(Ritchie, 2013) In this form of education children learn in an informal setting through play and a homely environment is set up where the child is able to freely express himself as he does at home. The children develop a sense of belonging and feel secure as they do at the comfort of their home. The main principleof Te Wharaki are Whakamana Children are empowered through learning and growth by this the educational curriculum. Each and everyone has a certain time in life when they are infants and are totally ignorant of the world and it is at this time of their age that is when they are infants, that they are encouraged or are empowered to acquire knowledge. It is the time when each and very children is given a lot of enthusiasm and encouragement to learn from their surroundings and it is also the most active stage in ones life when the learning habit is at its prime. Kotahitanga-This educational curriculum focuses on development of children in early childhood by adopting a holistic approach (Lee, 2013)(Ritchie, 2013). It is the second stage when the infants are in their growth phase are expected to learn from each and every activity taking place around them, be it from their families their friends or from their society that is they learn from any and every movement, activities or social changes that take place around them. Wh?nau Tangata The educational curriculum creates a homely environment where children feel that they are among their family and members of community. It is perhaps one of the most crucial part because the children are very vulnerable at this age are perhaps the most closest to their families and community and they have a kind of trust vested in them as a result of which, they learn from whatever they witness in their surroundings. Ng? Hononga It is the phase of critical learning where children are taught to build relationships which are reciprocal in nature. They learn from any and every responses or reciprocal vibrations and communications taking place in their surroundings with which they share some kind of relationship. The strands of Te Whariki are Well-being Mana Atua The educational curriculum ensures that children are in fine physical health and their well being is of paramount importance in this curriculum.It is ensured that children learn in a safety environment where there physical heath and emotional well being is taken care of. (Ritchie, 2013) Belonging Mana Whenua A sense of belonging is developed in between children and their families Children feel comfortable through this educational procedure as they are protected and nurtured. It is assured that children feel safe and they feel very comfortable to freely express themselves through play and various other activities (May, 2012) 3: Contribution Mana Tangata Children are given equal opportunities irrespective of their age, gender, ethnicity, background, race. Children get a chance to deliver equally and no discrimination is done in this educational system where each child is encouraged to learn in perfect harmony 4: Communication Mana Reo This educational system boosts the verbal and non-verbal communication among children. Children are encouraged to learn freely and express themselves. Open communication is encouraged and children learn through stories and symbols of their own culture and also they are encouraged to imbibe the values of different cultures. This educational system fosters learning and growth in a multi-cultural environment (May, 2012). 5: Exploration Mana Aot?roa Children are encouraged to learn by undertaking spontaneous activities. Learning while playing is encouraged which helps in cognitive as well as in emotional development of children. Children are taught by this educational curriculum to think and they develop a sense of reasoning. Children learn to explore their environment by this supportive educational curriculum.(May, 2012). Characteristics of Infants, Toddlers and Young Children Infants: Infants are regarded as very vulnerable as they are dependent on their adults in order to meet their needs. The infants need guidance from the educators and also the caretakers who are really responsible to provide help to the infants. The educators if they ask questions such as How are you? even if the infants do not able to understand the language but while communicating with them would lead the infants to understand their speech and also the learning of words. (Harms, 2017) (Lee, 2013). Toddlers: Toddlers are considered to be quite energetic. Toddlers tend to search the interactions based on civil and they also learn through imitating others. Educators over here are responsible to portray their manner which would be needful in the near future. Toddlers are always looking ways to get encouraged so that in future they can become explorers and creators. For example through the mode of game or practical lessons, toddlers can develop the self- process learning or regulation (Harms, 2017) (Lee, 2013) Young Children: Young children generally utilize their imagination to discover their identities. The art is regarded as a creative term and Young Children generally refine their skills. Young children has the capability to recognize a wider range of pattern and also the regularities in the environment around them. This gives them a boost to questions back when they see the things are in a puzzling situation. The educators can develop the learning procedures Do you know how to do that? and this promotes positive communication with the young children (Harms, 2017). Vulnerable Children Act (VCA) It was made to strengthen the safety for the children by making sure that the centers for Early Childhood adopt the policy of the child protection. To give protection to the vulnerable children is everyones responsibility irrespective of the fact whether the children belongs from other ethnic backgrounds. It ensures a safe place for the children and recognizes their protection accordingly. (Grant, 2014 )(Wang, 2016) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCROC) The UNCROC was creates in the year 1989 and got its approval from New Zealand in the year 1993. It assures basic rights to the children and giving opportunity to the children from all over the world. It gives an opportunity to feel the sense of belonging that they set foot in the early childhood centre. (Wang, 2016) ECE Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics contains four principles such as Autonomy, justice, Truth and Responsible Care. Without these principles, there is no presence of this Code of Ethics. This document made to ensure protection for the children who are the part of the Early Childhood Centre can get acknowledgement and abide by the rules and regulations of the Code of Ethics. It is not only for Children but also for Teachers, parents (Umpstead, 2013) ECE regulations: This regulation was created in the year 2008 to set the expectations and standards for the development in the curriculum. The regulation encompasses the qualifications of the teacher, sizes of the centre and adult to child ratios and administrative requirements. All ECC must meet the regulations requirements and decided to support the ethics which are required to the educators (Bruce, 2012). Code of Conduct: It is a concept which is supported four values bearing different aspects which describe how the surroundings of the children would be. Educators need to create a compassionate surrounding where all the children are encouraged to apply their full potential by showing integrity and give meaning to the learning of the child (Bruce, 2012) Conclusion: Therefore, it could be concluded that the area of knowledge of the wellbeing and safety protection of the children. The prime responsibility of the educator is to provide education to all children and make sure that they are aware about the policies which are beneficial for the caregivers or the educators. References Bruce, T. (2012). Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Hachette UK . Grant, A. (2014 ). Vulnerable children act 2014. Auckland UL Rev., 22, 401. Harms, T. C. (2017). Infant/toddler environment rating scale. Teachers College Press. Teachers College Press. Lee, W. C.. Lee, W., Carr, M., Soutar, B.( 2013). Understanding the Te Whariki approach: Early years education in practice. Routledge. Routledge. May, H. (2012). Ma An early childhood curriculum for inclusion in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Diversitt und Kindheit. Diversitat und Kindheit . Ritchie. (2013) education grounded in a commitment to Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Weaving Te Wh?riki, 141-156. Weaving Te Wh?riki. Umpstead, R. B. (2013). Educator ethics: A comparison of teacher professional responsibility laws in four states. JL Educ., 42, 183. JL Educ., 42, 183. . Wang, W. (2016). Children's Views in the Family Court: Giving Form to Article 12 of UNCROC: how Does New Zealand Measure Up Against Australia and England? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland). (Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland).

Indonesia Case Study free essay sample

What political factors explain Indonesia’s poor economic performance? What economic factors? Are the two related? The impeachment of the Indonesian dictator Suharto is widely considered one of the most exciting political happenings of recent years. After dealing with inflation and a bad economic depression during the final year of President Sukarno in the early 1960s, Indonesia experienced rapid and lasting economic growth for three decades under the New Order government of President Suharto. The economic growth was followed by a severe decline in poverty, as it went from 40% of the population in 1976 to 11% in 1996. However, looking only at the New Order’s economic accomplishment and ignoring its downfalls give us an unfair view of that time era. The general view in Indonesia is that after the Asian economic crisis, the New Order brought economic ruin to the country. For thirty years, Indonesia’s economy grew steadily under the ironclad rule of President Suharto – but at the heavy cost of internal suppression of dissent. We will write a custom essay sample on Indonesia Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This suppression of dissent robbed Indonesia’s economy of the vitality and incentives associated with a free-market economy in which individual property owners, who in the process of seeking to accumulate wealth enrich the entire economy and create economic growth. While Indonesia has since overthrown the dictatorial government, corruption and red tape remain rife at almost all levels of government in Indonesia. A World Bank study revealed how excessive red tape in Indonesia hurts business activities: An entrepreneur in Indonesia must wait an average of 151 days to complete the necessary paperwork to start a business, compared to 30 days in Malaysia and a mere 8 days in Singapore, severely hampering the Indonesian entrepreneur’s speed and desire to participate in the economy. In turn, the excessive red tape translates into long lines of government bureaucrats, whose low salaries make it attractive for them to seek a bribe at every step of the business transaction, further distracting and detracting the entrepreneur from legitimate business pursuits. In addition to these political factors, Indonesia also suffers from economics factors that hinder growth. Indonesia’s poor infrastructure makes it difficult to conduct business: A poor infrastructure in roads signifies that it is difficult to transport goods and services to the consumers, and may even hinder export-related businesses if companies cannot ship the finished intermediary or final products to their intended customers abroad. The unreliability of the electric grid means that production and even administrative activities can be interrupted at any moment. Together, these inhospitable business climates decrease business confidence in Indonesia, leading to capital flight and a decrease in investments, shaking the very foundation of economic growth. The political and economic factors that hinder growth in Indonesia are indeed intertwined. The unfriendly political environment makes it less likely that foreign or domestic capital would be interested in investing in Indonesia because of the business costs associated with red tape and corruption. In turn, the lack in investment feeds the desire of government officials to continue to seek bribes and create red tape in order to supplement their low income due to a stagnant or slow-growing economy. Why do you think foreign firms have been exiting Indonesia in recent years? What are the implications for the country? What is required to reverse this trend? After Suharto, Indonesia moved rapidly toward a vigorous democracy, culminating in October 2004 with the inauguration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the country’s first directly elected president. The economic front has also seen progress. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell from close to 100 percent in 2000 to less than 60 percent by 2004. Inflation declined from 12 percent annually in 2001 to 6 percent in 2004, and the economy grew by around 4 percent per annum during 2001 to 2005. During 2006–07 Indonesia was struck by a series of natural disasters, including an earthquake and tsunami in Java in May and July 2006 and earthquakes in Sumatra in March and September 2007. Inflation started to reaccelerate in 2005, hitting 14 percent by year end. Growth in labor productivity has been nonexistent for a decade. Some observers feel that Indonesia is hobbled by its poor infrastructure. Public infrastructure investment has been declining for years. It was about $3 billion in 2003, down from $16 billion in 1996. The road system is a mess, half the country’s population has no access to electricity, the number of brownouts is on the rise as the electricity grid ages, and nearly 99 percent of the population lacks access to modern sewerage facilities. The tsunami that ravaged the coast of Sumatra in late 2004 only made matters worse. Mirroring the decline in public investment has been a slump in private investment. Investment in the country’s all-important oil industry fell from $3. 8 billion in 1996 to just $187 million in 2002. Oil production has declined even though oil prices are at record highs. Investment in mining has also fallen from $2. 6 billion in 1997 to $177 million in 2003. Implications: Indonesias recent economic and political collapse is a stark example of the outright failure of a development paradigm promoting large-scale economic growth without political, social, legal, and environmental safeguards. It is facing a humanitarian and environmental crisis that current domestic and international efforts do not adequately address. After the Suharto’s fall, Indonesia became more democratic and decentralized which were likely to confront corruption. However, corruption has gotten worse as institutions of democracy were still unstable during the critical transition (Smith, 2003). A widely agreed structural factor underlying corruption in Indonesia is a political system which vests an inordinate amount of power in the hands of the executive, and the president in particular. There is no balance between the executive, legislative and judicial arms of power. Commentators differ in the emphasis they give to other factors which characterize the environment of corruption. Lopa (1998) highlights the greed of those in positions of power, who are often already wealthy individuals, combined with a weak system of law enforcement where investigations are poorly carried out and few prosecutions are made. Rose-Ackerman (1997:19–20) argues that incentives for corruption are provided by the high level of funds and resources under the discretionary control of officials, combined with poor formal laws on corruption, the lack of credibility of law enforcers, and the poor conditions of civil service employment. Other contributing factors include the limited extent of auditing and monitoring within government, the lack of public awareness of government activities and a tendency not to file complaints, the low level of press freedom and the controls preventing individuals from forming non-government organizations, and the poor level of active political opposition. Consequences: First, corruption imposed a high burden in business transactions, since virtually all transactions with government bureaucrats require huge illicit payments. It is good to assume that many businesses who could not afford the high cost of bribing government officials either move to the underground economy, which ofter requires less â€Å"corruption – tax† or go out of business together. Second the corruption is also has a huge impact on the culture of Indonesians. It becomes a norm right now that any dealings between citizens and government officials have to be sealed with payment of bribes. Many social commentators have concluded that Indonesia has a culture that tolerates corruptions, in which social behaviors and cultural norms have become so ingrained and so tolerating of corrupt behavior that it is virtually impossible to fight it. Third, corruption has destroyed confidence among citizens toward government officials and bureaucrats, which has reduced their authority among citizens, leading to the significant increase in the level of social anomie and powerlessness among the least well – off members of the society and higher crime rates, violence abuse, decline in social solidarity, etc. Finally, corruption has been blamed as one of the cause of social grievances that are widespread in many parts of Indonesia that if not being addressed immediately, could bring the Indonesian state to the brink of collapse. What is required to reduce these risks? 1. Dollar yields highest risk. The study found that many Asia-Pacific firms showed significant exposure to fluctuations in one or more of the world’s four major currencies: the U. S. ollar, the euro (deutschmark prior to 1999), the Japanese yen and the British pound. Some of the greatest vulnerabilities resulted from fluctuations in the dollar which, over the study period, impacted 54 percent in Indonesia. The researchers pointed out that â€Å"a potentially wide range of firms were exposed to rate movements regardless of their direct financial exposure. † As might be expected, currency fluctuations affected the profitability of companies whose financial assets and liabilities (most notably debt) were held in f oreign currencies and that had foreign-based operations. However, possibly less obvious was the significant impact that exchange rates had on companies with no foreign currency exposures but who competed with companies that did. Such companies could increase their market share as a result of a favorable exchange rate movement to the detriment of the firm with no apparent foreign currency exposure. Not surprisingly, the greatest period of vulnerability was the Asian financial crisis, which occurred during the third study segment (1996-1998). More than half of the studied companies in Indonesia were exposed to the dollar, and about a quarter of the firms in Singapore were exposed to the yen. 2. Risk in insurance rush Increased insurance investment in Indonesia also means heightened exposure to the risks associated with insuring countries that are vulnerable to natural catastrophes. Home to 17,000 islands that straddle the Pacific Ocean’s volcanic â€Å"ring of fire,† the vast archipelago sits on fault lines that make it more susceptible to seismic activity. In October 2010 alone, the country endured an earthquake, tsunami and volcano in two locations. â€Å"A lack of detailed historical claims data [following catastrophes] makes it very difficult for insurers to model, and therefore appropriately price the risks,† Dean Carrigan, a partner at Australia-based law firm Clyde Co, told Insurance Insight. â€Å"If there is sufficient data it can be priced, but with the current low levels of insurance penetration, the question is would anyone buy it? While foreign insurers may see a possible gap in the market as new minimum capital requirements squeeze smaller domestic insurers out of business, optimism should be tempered by the government’s propensity to protect Indonesian business interests.